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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
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Results for broken windows theory
17 results foundAuthor: Beckenkamp, Martin Title: Beware of Broken Windows! First Impressions in Public-good Experiment Summary: Broken Windows: the metaphor has changed New York and Los Angeles. Yet it is far from undisputed whether the broken windows policy was causal for reducing crime. In a series of lab experiments we show that first impressions are indeed causal for cooperativeness in three different institutional environments: absent targeted sanctions; with decentralised punishment; with decentralised punishment qualified by the risk of counterpunishment. In all environments, the effect of first impressions cannot be explained with, but adds to, participants’ initial level of benevolence. Mere impression management is not strong enough to stabilise cooperation though. It must be combined with some risk of sanctions. Details: Bonn, Germany: Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, 2009. 32p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 119567 Keywords: Broken Windows TheoryCriminal PolicyPunishment |
Author: Kelling, George L. Title: Keeping Americans Safe: Best Practices to Improve Community Policing and to Protect the Public Summary: During the 1990s, New York City achieved stunning drops in crime from the “broken windows” community policing strategy adopted by Police Commissioner William Bratton. In two years, murder declined by 39 percent, robberies by about 33 percent and burglaries by 25 percent. New York’s approach completed the evolution of community policing from a reactive model into a proactive one, focusing on aggressive, effective crime-reduction that maintains order and holds police officers accountable. Aspects of this approach have been successfully adopted by a number of cities, including some in Arizona. Sustaining these gains requires embedding high-performance policing throughout a department to shield police agencies from the potentially corrupting influence of drug cartels - especially as the chaos in the border areas of Mexico threatens to spill over. Expanding on recommendations in “A New Charter for American Cities,” this report takes the broken windows approach to the next level by showing how to institute high-performance policing. This report consolidates the best practices adopted by the nation’s most innovative police departments and provides a framework for policing that is consistent with community values and priorities; makes a commitment to the ultimate objective of keeping people safe; and produces more measurable outcomes. We recommend private sector concepts of benchmarks to track the use of best practices and to report quantifiable outcomes for comparison against other departments, and the balanced scorecard, which counts outcomes such as reducing crime and victimization and also assesses police relationships with community members, partners, and other groups. These recommendations should be institutionalized through appropriate statutes, ordinances or management directives governing policing agencies throughout America. Details: Phoenix, AZ: Goldwater Institute, 2011. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Goldwater Institute Policy Report: Accessed February 28, 2011 at: http://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/article/5722 Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/article/5722 Shelf Number: 120885 Keywords: Broken Windows TheoryCommunity PolicingPolice Reform |
Author: Hinkle, Joshua Conard Title: Making Sense of Broken Windows: The Relationship Between Perceptions of Disorder, Fear of Crime, Collective Efficacy and Perceptions of Crime Summary: The broken windows thesis has had a profound impact on policing strategies around the world. The thesis suggests that police can most effectively fight crime by focusing their efforts on targeting disorder—minor crimes and nuisance behaviors such as loitering, public drinking and vandalism, as well as dilapidated physical conditions in a community. The strategy was most prominently used in New York City in the 1990s, and has been often credited for the crime drop observed in the city over that decade. Despite the widespread influence of the broken windows thesis, there has been relatively little rigorous empirical research which has sought to test the validity of its theoretical propositions. This dissertation aimed to address this shortcoming by using structural equation modeling to test the relationships between perceived disorder, fear of crime, collective efficacy and perceptions of crime suggested by the broken windows thesis using survey data collected during a randomized, experimental evaluation of broken windows policing in three cities in California. The results are supportive of the broken windows thesis, but also raise some challenges. Perceptions of disorder were found to increase fear of crime, reduce collective efficacy and lead to crime as suggested. However, fear of crime was not significantly related to collective efficacy as suggested, and the direct effect of perceived social disorder on perceptions of crime was the strongest effect in every model. Nevertheless, the findings do suggest that a reduction of disorder in a community may have positive effects in the form of reducing fear and promoting collective efficacy, and suggest the limitations of studies which only test for direct effects of disorder on crime and/or do not examine the variables at the perceptual level. Future research needs to further examine the broken windows thesis, ideally involving a prospective longitudinal study of crime at place. Details: College Park, MD: University of Maryland, College Park, 2009. 169p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed August 3, 2012 at: http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/9547/1/Hinkle_umd_0117E_10573.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/9547/1/Hinkle_umd_0117E_10573.pdf Shelf Number: 125845 Keywords: Broken Windows PolicingBroken Windows TheoryCollective EfficacyFear of CrimeNeighborhoods and CrimeNuisance Behaviors and Disorders |
Author: Beckenkamp, Martin Title: First Impressions Engender (Anti-)Social Behaviour An Experimental Test of a Component of Broken Windows Theory Summary: Broken Windows: the metaphor has changed New York and Los Angeles. Yet it is far from undisputed whether the broken windows policy was causal for reducing crime. In a series of lab experiments we put one component of the theory to the test. We show that first impressions are causal for cooperativeness in three different institutional environments: absent targeted sanctions; with decentralised punishment; with decentralised punishment qualified by the risk of counterpunishment. In all environments, the effect of first impressions cannot be explained with, but adds to, participants’ initial level of benevolence. Mere impression management is not strong enough to stabilise cooperation though. It must be combined with some risk of sanctions. Details: Bonn, Germany: Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, 2009. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: Preprints of the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods Bonn 2009/21: Accessed August 3, 2012 at: http://www.coll.mpg.de/pdf_dat/2009_21online.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.coll.mpg.de/pdf_dat/2009_21online.pdf Shelf Number: 125846 Keywords: Broken Windows PolicingBroken Windows TheoryNeighborhoods and CrimePunishment |
Author: Seiler, Bryan M. Title: Moving from 'Broken Windows' to Healthy Neighborhood Policy: Reforming Urban Nuisance Law in the Public and Private Sectors Summary: City and state governments throughout the country are increasingly turning to public nuisance law as a way to preserve public order in urban neighborhoods. Many cities have established problem property units to encourage neighborhoods to actively report public nuisance conditions and behaviors. This public order enforcement certainly fills an enforcement gap for both criminal and landlord-tenant law, but its misuse threatens dire consequences for the disenfranchised urban poor. Public nuisance law is a powerful injunctive force that can rapidly change the composition of neighborhoods, and, used improperly, can be a means to cultural, economic, and racial homogeneity. Despite the extensive academic literature on urban renewal, there is little written about the authority and advisability of the current policy trend towards the use of public nuisance law. This Note attempts to fill this scholarly void in several ways. First, it provides an overview of the history and present application of public nuisance law, with particular attention paid to the expansion of the doctrine during the nineteenth century. Second, it summarizes the many weaknesses of the broken windows policy system that currently dominates public nuisance law. Finally, it proposes a novel combination of both public and private reforms to state and local public nuisance law to ensure the proper use of public nuisance law. In particular, this Note argues that the infusion of economic value into an area of entitlement presents the best hope of striking a balance between enforcing public order while protecting vulnerable residents. Though difficult, this is a balance that all healthy urban neighborhoods must actively seek and maintain. Details: Minneapolis: Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs; University of Minnesota, 2009. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Minnesota Legal Studies Research Paper No. 08-19 : Accessed August 3, 2012 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1099019 Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1099019 Shelf Number: 125847 Keywords: Broken Windows PolicingBroken Windows TheoryNeighborhoods and CrimeNuisance Behaviors and DisordersUrban Areas |
Author: Parlow, Matthew J. Title: The Great Recession and Its Implications for Community Policing Summary: During the last twenty years, community policing has been the dominant approach to local law enforcement. Community policing is based, in part, on the broken windows theory of public safety. The broken windows theory suggests a link between low-level crime and violent crime — that is, if minor offenses are allowed to pervade a community, they will lead to a proliferation of crime and, ultimately, a community plagued by violent crime. To maintain a perception of community orderliness, many local governments adopted “order maintenance” laws — such as panhandling ordinances and anti-homeless statutes. This emphasis on cracking down on such low-level offenses brought with it an increase in the needs and costs of policing, prosecutions, jails, social services, and other related resources. When the economy was flourishing, local governments were able to pay for the time- and resource-intensive broken windows approach to community policing. The Great Recession, however, has forced localities to think critically about whether they can sustain these practices given budget cuts. This Article analyzes the effects that the downturn in the economy has had on public safety budgets and the changes that many local governments have made, and are continuing to make, to adjust to decreasing revenue and resources. This Article will also explore proposed changes to the current criminal justice and social service systems that seek cost-effective approaches to deliver the same level of public safety to which communities are accustomed. In particular, this Article will assess and evaluate evidence-based decision-making — an emerging trend in some criminal justice systems — as part of an evolving trend driven by the effects of the Great Recession, but also stemming out of community policing. Finally, this Article will use Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, as an example of an evidence-based decision-making approach and explain how it can fulfill the public safety goals of the broken windows theory of community policing while creating a framework that provides for “smart” decision-making that accounts for the financial realities that most cities face. Details: Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Law School, 2012. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: Marquette Law School Legal Studies Paper No. 12-12: Accessed August 3, 2012 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2083754 Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2083754 Shelf Number: 125851 Keywords: Broken Windows PolicingBroken Windows TheoryCommunity PolicingCosts of Criminal JusticeEconomics and CrimeMunicipal Budgets |
Author: Mellgren, Caroline Title: What's Neighbourhood Got To Do With It? The Influence of Neighbourhood Context on Crime and Reactions to Crime Summary: The overarching aim of this thesis is to contribute to an increased understanding of how the neighbourhood context acts to influence individual reactions to crime. The general framework is that the social and physical make-up of residential neighbourhoods influences individuals, over and above individual background characteristics. Disorder is an important neighbourhood-level factor and its presence is more or less pronounced in different neighbourhoods. It acts as a sign of a general urban unease and has potential negative consequences for the individual as well as for the community at large. Four studies have been conducted each with its own specific objective. The first study reviews the Swedish crime survey literature in order to assess the national evidence for neighbourhood effects, paying special attention to methodological issues. Overall, the current literature provides mixed evidence for neighbourhood effects. Methodological issues were identified as obstacles to drawing general conclusions and specific areas that need improvement were identified. The second study examines the origins of disorder at the neighbourhood level and the relationship between disorder and crime. Two theory-driven models of the relationship between population density, disorder, and crime are tested alongside an examination of whether these models are equally applicable to data collected in two cities, Antwerp in Belgium and Malmö in Sweden. The results found some support for direct effects of disorder on crime in both settings, independent of structural variables. Some differences between the two settings were observed suggesting that the disorder-crime link may vary by setting. To further examine the influence of neighbourhood context, the role played by neighbourhood level disorder in relation to worry about criminal victimization has been tested in a multilevel model in the third study. Overall the hypotheses of the influence of both neighbourhood level and individually perceived disorder, in shaping individual worry were supported. Individual background explains most of the variance but neighbourhood context has independent effects on worry. Individual level perceived disorder mediated the effect of neighbourhood disorder on worry suggesting that the effect of context is indirect through its effect on individual perception. The fourth study investigates whether it is possible to identify any unique neighbourhood effects on the extent to which residents apply crime preventive strategies. Initially some of the total variance in the dependent variables was found to be situated between neighbourhoods. This indicates that the neighbourhood context may influence individuals’ willingness to take crime preventive action. As expected, individual characteristics explained a majority of this between-neighbourhood variance. An important finding is that the contextual variables appear to have different effects on different activities, highlighting the need to study different actions separately. Details: Malmo, Sweden: Malmö University Health and Society Doctoral Dissertations, 2011. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed August 3, 2012 at: http://dspace.mah.se/handle/2043/12283 Year: 2011 Country: Sweden URL: http://dspace.mah.se/handle/2043/12283 Shelf Number: 125857 Keywords: Broken Windows TheoryFear of CrimeNeighborhoods and Crime (Sweden)Nuisance Behaviors and DisordersUrban Areas |
Author: Austrup, Sebastian Title: The Person Behind the "Broken Window": The Influence of the Environment and Personality on Undesired Behavior Summary: The Broken Windows Theory predicts that when disorder is present in a surrounding, people will behave in an antisocial way. How exactly a disorderly environment affect a person and which mechanisms could make the person behave in an anti-social way? Approaches regarding that topic are mostly dealt in context of the Broken Windows Theory. Popularity of this approach ranks behind its controversy. Goal of the present study was to assess the influence of the environment and camera surveillance on human behavior, moderated by a personality trait. In a 2 x 2 factorial design in which participants were confronted with a tidy and untidy setup of a room they got the opportunity to cheat for money and leave mess behind. The influence of environmental factors was stronger in people who feel their lives are being controlled by external factors, meaning they have an external locus of control. Moreover we found no damping effect on cheating of camera surveillance in our experiment nor did it raise the self-awareness of the participants. Results suggest that there has to be an extra „push“ to act antisocial in a disorderly environment, with witch has to be dealt in further research. Details: Enschede, Netherlands: University of Twente, 2011. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed August 6, 2012 at: http://essay.utwente.nl/59931/1/BSc_S_Austrup.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Netherlands URL: http://essay.utwente.nl/59931/1/BSc_S_Austrup.pdf Shelf Number: 125862 Keywords: Anti-Social BehaviorBroken Windows TheoryDisorder and CrimeLyingStealing |
Author: Distler, Michael Title: Less Debate, More Analysis: A Meta Analysis of Literature on Broken Windows Policing Summary: In their broken windows thesis, Wilson and Kelling (1982) propose that social and physical disorder leads to a breakdown in informal social controls, thereby allowing more serious crime to occur. This framework had a tangible impact on policy, though research has shown mixed results with regard to its effectiveness. This thesis conducts a meta-analysis of 66 effect sizes, nested within eleven studies, in order to better understand the effect of broken windows policing on crime according to the literature. Results show that broken windows policing does have an effect on crime and that methodological characteristics of the studies are related to the effect. The discussion section considers the relationship between these findings and other meta-analyses on policing innovations, such as hot spots and problem-oriented policing. Details: College Park, MD: University of Maryland, 2011. 60. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed December 4, 2012 at: http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11735/1/Distler_umd_0117N_12199.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11735/1/Distler_umd_0117N_12199.pdf Shelf Number: 127125 Keywords: Broken Windows TheoryHotspots PolicingNuisance Behaviors and DisorderProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Spader, Jonathan Title: Fewer Vacants, Fewer Crimes? Impacts of Neighborhood Revitalization Policies on Crime Summary: The relationship between neighborhood physical environment and social disorder, particularly crime, is of critical interest to urban economists and sociologists, as well as local governments. Over the past 50 years, various policy interventions to improve physical conditions in distressed neighborhoods have also been heralded for their potential to reduce crime. Urban renewal programs in the mid-20th century and public housing redevelopment in the 1990s both subscribed to the idea that signs of physical disorder invite social disorder. More recently, the federal Neighborhood Stabilization Program (NSP) provided funding for local policymakers to rehabilitate or demolish foreclosed and vacant properties, in order to mitigate negative spillovers-including crime-on surrounding neighborhoods. In this paper, we investigate the impact of NSP investments on localized crime patterns in Cleveland, Chicago and Denver. Results suggest that demolition activity in Cleveland decreased burglary and theft, but do not find measurable impacts of property rehabilitation investments-although the precision of these estimates are limited by the number of rehabilitation activities. Details: Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2015. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2015-088: Accessed October 28, 2015 at: http://www.federalreserve.gov/econresdata/feds/2015/files/2015088pap.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.federalreserve.gov/econresdata/feds/2015/files/2015088pap.pdf Shelf Number: 137163 Keywords: Broken Windows TheoryHousing ForeclosuresNeighborhoods and CrimeVacant Properties |
Author: Vagle, Jeffrey L. Title: Tightening the OODA Loop: Police Militarization, Race, and Algorithmic Surveillance Summary: This Article examines the role military automated surveillance and intelligence systems and techniques have supported a self-reinforcing racial bias when used by civilian police departments to enhance predictive policing programs. I will focus on two facets of this problem. First, my research will take an inside-out perspective, studying the role played by advanced military technologies and methods within civilian police departments, and how they have enabled a new focus on deterrence and crime prevention by creating a system of structural surveillance where decision support relies increasingly upon algorithms and automated data analysis tools, and which automates de facto penalization and containment based on race. Second, I will explore these systems - and their effects - from an outside-in perspective, paying particular attention to racial, societal, economic, and geographic factors that play into the public perception of these policing regimes. I will conclude by proposing potential solutions to this problem, which incorporate tests for racial bias to create an alternative system that follows a true community policing model. Details: Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2016. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: U of Penn Law School, Public Law Research Paper No. 16-9 : Accessed March 14, 2016 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2737451 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2737451 Shelf Number: 138214 Keywords: Broken Windows TheoryCommunity PolicingLaw EnforcementPolice MilitarizationPredictive PolicingRacial BiasRacial Profiling in Law Enforcement |
Author: New York City Department of Investigation Title: An Analysis of Quality-of-Life Summonses, Quality-of-Life Misdemeanors Arrests, and Felony Crime in New York City, 2010-2015 Summary: Between 2010 and 2015, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) issued 1,839,414 "quality - of- life" summonses for offenses such as public urination, disorderly conduct, drinking alcohol in public, and possession of small amounts of marijuana. There are a number of legitimate reasons to issue such summonses, most notably to address community concerns and police the offenses in question. Further, maintaining order is a goal in and of itself. Addressing disorder is a basic government function, and writing summonses may be a necessary tool toward that end. However, NYPD has claimed for two decades that quality-of-life enforcement is also a key tool in the reduction of felony crime, most recently in the 2015 report, Broken Windows and Quality- of-Life Policing in New York City. Whether there is systemic data to support the effectiveness of quality-of-life summonses and misdemeanor arrests for this particular purpose is a question of considerable importance. New York City is a safer city today than it was in years past. In the period reviewed, 2010 through 2015, felony rates continued to decline and remain at historic lows. What factors contributed to this safer city is a worthy inquiry because identifying what works will help the Department become more strategic and more efficient. It is equally important to identify which factors are not supported by evidence. Issuing summonses and making misdemeanor arrests are not cost free. The cost is paid in police time, in an increase in the number of people brought into the criminal justice system and, at times, in a fraying of the relationship between the police and the communities they serve. So that future discussion of this issue can take place in the clear light of objective data, the Department of Investigation's Office of the Inspector General for the NYPD (OIG-NYPD) undertook to examine what, if any, data-driven evidence links quality- of-life enforcement - defined narrowly for purposes of this Report as quality- of-life criminal summonses and quality- of-life misdemeanor arrests - to a reduction in felony crime. Details: New York: New York City Department of Investigation, Office of the Inspector General for the NYPD, 2016. 85p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 13, 2016 at: http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/oignypd/downloads/pdf/Quality-of-Life-Report-2010-2015.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/oignypd/downloads/pdf/Quality-of-Life-Report-2010-2015.pdf Shelf Number: 139632 Keywords: ArrestsBroken Windows TheoryCrime StatisticsCrime TrendsFeloniesMisdemeanorsSummonses |
Author: Tallis, Joshua Title: Muddy Waters: Framing Littoral Maritime Security through the Lens of the Broken Windows Theory Summary: This dissertation explores the growing field of study around Maritime Security. While an increasingly common sub-heading in American naval strategy documents, maritime security operations are largely framed around individual threats (i.e. counter-piracy, counter-terrorism, counter-narcotics). Here, we endeavor to explore how a seemingly disparate set of transnational issues fit into a more coherent framework to give greater theoretical substance to the notion of Maritime Security as a distinct concept. In particular, we examine, as our research question, whether the Broken Windows theory, a criminological construct of social disorganization, provides the lens through which to theorize maritime security in the littorals. By extrapolating from criminology, this dissertation engages with a small but growing impulse in studies on insurgencies, terrorism, and piracy to look beyond classic theories of security to better understand phenomena of political violence. To evaluate our research question, we begin by identifying two critical components of the Broken Windows theory, multidimensionality and context specificity. Multidimensionality refers to the web of interrelated individuals, organizations, and infrastructure upon which crime operates. Context specificity refers to the powerful influence of an individual or community's environment on behavior. These two themes, as explored in this dissertation, are brought into stark relief through an application of the Broken Windows theory. Leveraging this understanding of the theory, we explore our research question by employing process-tracing and detailed descriptions across three case studies (one primary and two illustrative) - the Caribbean Basin, the Gulf of Guinea, and the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. In so doing, we demonstrate how applying the lens that Broken Windows provides yields new and interesting perspectives on maritime security. As a consequence, this dissertation offers an example of a theoretical framework that provides greater continuity to the missions or threats frequently binned under the heading of maritime security, but infrequently associated with one another in the literature. Details: Fife, Scotland: University of St.Andrews, 2016. 311p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 20, 2016 at: https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/9028 Year: 2016 Country: International URL: https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/9028 Shelf Number: 139719 Keywords: Broken Windows TheoryMaritime CrimeMaritime SecurityPiracySmugglingTerrorism |
Author: Shoji, Masahiro Title: Guilt Aversion and Peer Effects in Crime: Experimental and Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh Summary: The peer effects are considered to be a cause of the crime disparity across cities over time, but little is known how the effects occur. I conducted an artefactual field experiment in rural Bangladesh to uncover the mechanism of peer effects through the intrinsic motivation. I particularly disentangle two potential channels predicted by the guilt aversion preference; through the change in the guilt sensitivity and the second order beliefs. The validity of guilt aversion is also tested by using experiment and survey data. A novel contribution of this experiment is that it develops an approach to elicit the guilt sensitivity. I find that the behavioral patterns of experimental crime are consistent with the guilt aversion but not with the pure altruism or trustworthiness. The peer effects occur through the changes in the beliefs; when crime is common, individuals anticipate that the others expect higher risk of crime victimization, which in turn declines the guilt from committing crime. By using the survey data collected from the participant households, I show the validity of the elicited guilt sensitivity; individuals are less likely to suffer from property crime in the villages where the neighborhood have higher guilt sensitivity. Details: Tokyo: Faculty of Economics, Seijo University, 2012. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 18, 2017 at: http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~econseminar/Guilt%20Aversion.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Bangladesh URL: http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~econseminar/Guilt%20Aversion.pdf Shelf Number: 147290 Keywords: Broken Windows TheoryCrime VictimizationGuilt AversionPeer Effects |
Author: Tyler, Tom R. Title: The Consequence of Being a Target of Suspicion: Potential Pitfalls of Proactive Policing Summary: During the latter half of the 20th century a new model of policing developed in the United States which continues to dominate American policing today. It has two key features. First, it proactively attempts to prevent crime through the widespread use of police stops and arrests for minor crimes. Second, it imposes policing policies and practices upon communities instrumentally via the threat or use of various legal sanctions. Data from a national survey indicate that this approach to policing does not lower fear of crime; increase the perceived risk of punishment for rule breaking; or strongly impact perceptions of disorder. On the other hand, it has damaged the social bonds between the police and the community; undermined police legitimacy and led to declines in public willingness to cooperate with the police. This paper examines how such policies developed, why they are problematic, and how a focus on building popular legitimacy would be more desirable. Details: Unpublished paper, 2014. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 21, 2017 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers2.cfm?abstract_id=2468779 Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers2.cfm?abstract_id=2468779 Shelf Number: 147375 Keywords: Broken Windows TheoryPolice LegitimacyProactive PolicingStop and FriskZero Tolerance Policing |
Author: Costello, Andrew J. Title: Reduction of Observable Robbery and Larceny-Theft in the Twelve Largest Cities in the United States from 1980 to 2009 Summary: The reduction in crime rates that occurred in large cities across the United States (US) over the course of the past two decades has been the subject of much speculation and research. However, there have been no definitive empirical studies that conclusively determine the causes for this phenomenon. The goal of this study is to identify the impact of certain factors to the reduction of crime in large US cities that occurred over the past two decades by examining data over a thirty-year period (1980-2009). The identification of contributing factors may allow government officials, both on a local and national level, to focus their efforts on the implementation of policies that, based on empirical study, are likely to reduce crime. This study focuses on Observable Crime, which is operationalized as robberies and larcenies reported in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Part II Offenses that were likely to be visible to the police. Those crimes likely to be visible police are determined to be all robberies that were not committed in residences and larcenies that were committed in public areas excluding stores. Law enforcement strategies that were examined in this study include Quality of Life (QOL) Enforcement and Police Presence, which is operationalized as arrests for drug offenses as reported in UCR Part II Arrests and Police Officers per 100,000 residents as reported in the UCR, respectively. The findings of this research supports the hypothesis that Quality of Life Enforcement significant in reducing crime in the twelve largest US cities from 1980-2009. Details: New York: City University of New York, 2013. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed September 14, 2017 at: https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/1430904088.html?FMT=ABS Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/1430904088.html?FMT=ABS Shelf Number: 147254 Keywords: Broken Windows TheoryDrug Offenders Larceny Robbery Theft |
Author: Caetano, Gregorio Title: Do "Broken Windows" Matter? Identifying Dynamic Spillovers in Criminal Behavior Summary: The "Broken Windows" theory of crime prescribes "zero-tolerance" law enforcement policies that disproportionately target light crimes with the understanding that this will lead to future reductions of more severe crimes. We provide evidence against the effectiveness of such policies using a novel database from Dallas. Our identification strategy explores detailed geographic and temporal variation to isolate the causal behavioral effect of prior crimes on future crimes and is robust to a variety of sources of potential endogeneity. We also estimate the effectiveness of alternative targeting policies to discuss the efficiency of "Broken Windows" inspired policies. Details: Unpublished paper, 2013. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 13, 2017 at: http://www.uh.edu/econpapers/RePEc/hou/wpaper/2013-252-22.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.uh.edu/econpapers/RePEc/hou/wpaper/2013-252-22.pdf Shelf Number: 148147 Keywords: Broken Windows TheoryCrime Spillovers |